|
   |
|
CASE REPORT |
|
|
|
| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 36
| Issue : 4 | Page : 318-320 |
| |
Immunoglobulin G4-related renal disease masquerading as renal pelvic tumor
Prashant Singh1, Brusabhanu Nayak1, Prabhjot Singh1, Seema Kaushal2, Sridhar Panaiyadiyan1
1 Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
2 Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| Date of Submission | 16-Apr-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 01-Jun-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 1-Oct-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Brusabhanu Nayak
Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/iju.IJU_179_20
 Abstract | | |
The recently recognized immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease presenting as renal pelvic pseudotumor is rare. A definitive diagnosis is often difficult to obtain preoperatively, with patients being subjected to radical surgery due to suspicion of malignancy. We present a 64-year-old male with lower urinary tract symptoms, who, on evaluation had a right renal pelvic tumor on imaging and ureteroscopy. The patient underwent laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy on clinical suspicion of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. The final histopathology revealed IgG4-related disease.
How to cite this article:
Singh P, Nayak B, Singh P, Kaushal S, Panaiyadiyan S. Immunoglobulin G4-related renal disease masquerading as renal pelvic tumor. Indian J Urol 2020;36:318-20 |
How to cite this URL:
Singh P, Nayak B, Singh P, Kaushal S, Panaiyadiyan S. Immunoglobulin G4-related renal disease masquerading as renal pelvic tumor. Indian J Urol [serial online] 2020 [cited 2023 May 30];36:318-20. Available from: https://www.indianjurol.com/text.asp?2020/36/4/318/296756 |
| Introduction | |  |
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized disease involving almost every anatomic site. Among the genitourinary organs, the kidney is most commonly affected, usually presenting as tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN).[1] IgG4-RD presenting as isolated renal pelvic pseudotumor is rare, and contemporary imaging modalities are unable to differentiate it from pelvic urothelial carcinoma, Eventually patients have to undergo radical surgery, as malignancy cannot be ruled out.
| Case Report | | |
A 64-year-old male presented with complaints of poor flow and frequency without hematuria. Ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography scan (CT scan) revealed a 6.4 cm × 4.2 cm × 4.2 cm right renal pelvic mass [Figure 1]a. Urine cytology did not show any malignant cells. With a diagnosis of renal pelvic urothelial carcinoma, the patient underwent right retrograde pyelogram (RGP) and ureteroscopy (URS). RGP showed a filling defect, and URS revealed a solid-looking growth in the pelvis. Based on the CT image and ureteroscopic visualization of the tumor, the patient underwent endoscopic disconnection of the right lower ureter and laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). The gross specimen showed a yellowish-white solid-looking lesion filling the pelvis [Figure 1]b. The final histopathology showed inflammatory lesion with storiform fibrosis and infiltration with IgG4-positive plasma cells [Figure 1]c and d]. Postoperatively, serum IgG4 and complement C3, C4 levels were obtained, which were normal. At 4-month follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic, and a repeat serum IgG4 level was within normal limits. The USG showed a normal left kidney and no other mass in the abdomen. | Figure 1: (a) Computed tomography picture showing the right renal pelvic mass. (b) Gross specimen showing a yellowish-white tumorinvolving the pelvicalyceal system (PCS). (c) Microscopic image from the kidney section shows storiform fibrosis along with dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (H and E, ×200). (d) Immunohistochemistry showing immunoglobulin G4-positive plasma cells (>30 per high-power field)
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
IgG4-RD is a rare systemic disease affecting mainly middle-aged men involving every site in the body, with the most common manifestation being autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). Kawano et al., in their study of AIP patients, reported the renal involvement to be up to 35%. More than 90% of patients with renal involvement have a history of extrarenal lesions.[1] In the kidneys, the most common lesion is TIN followed by membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Isolated renal pelvic pseudotumor is rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature [Table 1]. Hyper-IgG-emia is an important finding in these patients, but up to 20%–30% of patients have normal IgG levels. Over 50% of patients with IgG4-related kidney disease have hypocomplementemia.[2] | Table 1: Published reports of immunoglobulin G4.related disease mimicking renal pelvic tumor
Click here to view |
USG, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging give a picture of the renal mass. The characteristic pathological feature noted in the IgG4-associated renal pseudotumor is storiform fibrosis along with infiltration by lymphocytes, IgG4-positive plasma cells, and eosinophils.
Two different diagnostic criteria exist in the literature for IgG4-RD. The diagnostic criteria by Kawano et al. are based on the presence of some kidney damage, abnormal radiologic findings, elevated serum IgG4 levels, and histologic findings in the kidney and other extrarenal organs.[2] The diagnostic criteria by Raissian et al. consider the deposition of IgG4-rich plasma cells on histology as a mandatory criteria and imaging, serology, and extrarenal involvement as supportive.[1] Diagnosing IgG4-related kidney disease presenting as a renal pelvic pseudotumor is difficult preoperatively, with the final diagnosis resting on the histopathology obtained either from the biopsy or surgically removed specimens.
Patients with IgG4-RD mimicking a renal pelvic cancer are often managed surgically because of the limitations in making a definite diagnosis preoperatively. Our case raises the question of whether a preoperative biopsy should be mandatory in all suspected cases of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), where upfront RNU is performed in the presence of high-risk features. In the recent European Association of Urology guidelines on UTUC, the presence of upper tract urothelial tumor size >2 cm on CT scan itself meets the criteria for high-risk tumors, and RNU is strongly recommended.[3] At our tertiary care center, besides the CT scan, we also consider urine cytology and tumor visualization on flexible URS for decision-making. RNU is performed if two of the three are positive. Moreover, in addition to extra cost and delay in definitive treatment awaiting biopsy report, URS biopsy is limited by inadequate sampling of tissues, 15% false-negative rate, 11% incomplete report without grade information, and significant grade discordance with the final histopathology, making the role of routine preoperative biopsy uncertain.[4]
IgG4-RD responds rapidly to steroid therapy, which is considered as first-line treatment. Although no data exist specifically for IgG4-RD mimicking renal pelvic tumor, a response rate of 90% with steroids was reported in a French cohort of 25 patients with IgG4-related systemic disease, including 16% IgG4-related pseudotumors (orbit, liver, and meningeal).[5] Second-line therapies for resistant or refractory cases include azathioprine, methotrexate, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide.[5] Patients with evidence of systemic disease in the form of multiple organ involvement or elevated serum IgG4 levels should receive steroid therapy. These patients should be followed with imaging and renal function, although no clear consensus exists regarding the follow-up protocol.
| Conclusion | | |
IgG4 disease presenting as a renal pelvic mass is rare, and the diagnosis is difficult to establish preoperatively. A definite diagnosis preoperatively may spare the patients unnecessary surgery. Larger, prospective studies are required to establish strategies for diagnosis, management, and follow-up of IgG4-RD presenting as a renal pelvic pseudotumor.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.[17]
Financial support and sponsorship: Nil.
Conflicts of interest: There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Raissian Y, Nasr SH, Larsen CP, Colvin RB, Smyrk TC, Takahashi N, et al. Diagnosis of IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1343-52.  |
| 2. | Kawano M, Saeki T, Nakashima H, Nishi S, Yamaguchi Y, Hisano S, et al. Proposal for diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011;15:615-26. |
| 3. | Rouprêt M, Babjuk M, Burger M, Compérat E, Cowan NC, Gontero P, et al. EAU Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma 2020. In: European Association of Urology Guidelines 2020 Edition. Arnhem, The Netherlands: European Association of Urology Guidelines Office; 2020. Available from: http://uroweb.org/guideline/upper-urinary-tract-urothelial-cell-carcinoma/. [Last accessed 2020 May 08]. |
| 4. | Wang Y, Chen X, Luo R, Wang H, Wang G, Hou Y, et al. IgG4-related systemic disease mimicking renal pelvic cancer: A rare case. World J Surg Oncol 2014;12:395. |
| 5. | Ebbo M, Daniel L, Pavic M, Sève P, Hamidou M, Andres E, et al. IgG4-Related systemic disease: Features and treatment response in a French cohort: Results of a multicenter registry. Medicine (Baltimore) 2012;91:49-56. |
| 6. | Kuroda N, Nakamura S, Miyazaki K, Inoue K, Ohara M, Mizuno K, et al. Chronic sclerosing pyelitis with an increased number of IgG4-positive plasma cells. Medical Molecular Morphology. 2009 Dec; 42(4):236-8. |
| 7. | Takata M, Miyoshi M, Kohno M, Ito M, Komatsu K, Tsukahara K. [Two cases of IgG4-related systemic disease arising from urinary tract]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2012 Nov; 58(11):613-6. |
| 8. | Mehta N, Calhoun SK. Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing disease presenting as a rare cause of renal pelvic mass mimicking malignancy. Radiology Case Reports. 2012;7(4):755. |
| 9. | Yoshino T, Moriyama H, Fukushima M, Sanda N. A Case of IgG4-Related Retroperitoneal Fibrosis Mimicking Renal Pelvic Cancer. Urologia Internationalis. 2013;90(3):365–8. |
| 10. | Tsuzaka Y, Ookubo K, Sugiyama K, Morimoto H, Amano H, Oota N, et al. IgG4- Related kidney disease: A long-term follow up case of pseudotumor of the renal pelvis. The Japanese Journal of Urology. 2014;105(2):51-5. |
| 11. | |
| 12. | Park HG, Kim KM. IgG4-related inflammatory pseudotumor of the renal pelvis involving renal parenchyma, mimicking malignancy. Diagn Pathol. 2016 Jan 22;11:12. |
| 13. | Bianchi D, Topazio L, Gaziev G, Iacovelli V, Bove P, Mauriello A, et al. IgG4-Related Kidney Disease: Report of a Case Presenting as a Renal Mass. Case Rep Surg. 2017;2017:9690218. |
| 14. | Urologie24 and Department of Urology, St. Theresien-Krankenhaus Nürnberg, Germany, Savov O, Agaimy A, Institute of Pathology, Medical School, Philipp-Alexander-University Erlangen, Germany, Rieker R, Institute of Pathology, Medical School, Philipp-Alexander-University Erlangen, Germany, et al. Immunoglobulin-g4(IgG4)-rich Pseudotumor of the Kidney – A case report and review of the literature. Journal of IMAB-Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers). 2018 Jan 6;24(1):1872-7. |
| 15. | Surintrspanont J, Sanpawat A, Sasiwimonphan K, Sitthideatphaiboon P. IgG4-related pseudo-tumor of the kidney and multiple organ involvement mimicked malignancy. Urology Case Reports. 2019 Sep; 26:100953. |
| 16. | Zhang S, Yang Q. Imaging findings of IgG4-related kidney disease without extrarenal organ involvement: A case report. Medicine. 2019 Aug; 98(34):e16934. |
| 17. | Jiang Y, Hou G, Cheng W. Renal Pelvis Involvement of Immunoglobulin G4–Related Disease Mimicking Malignancy on 18F-FDG PET/CT: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2019 Sep;44(9):767-8. |
[Figure 1]
[Table 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Unique case of IgG4-related disease of the renal pelvis involving the inferior vena cava masquerading as locally advanced urothelial cancer |
|
| Mohammed Al-Zubaidi, Steve McCombie, Nicole Swarbrick, Dickon Hayne | | BMJ Case Reports. 2022; 15(2): e247945 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
